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Żartowanie z władzy. Analiza humoru i ironii w memach o Władimirze Putinie i Xi Jinpingu
Kontakt: Li-Chi Chen
SOCJOLINGWISTYKA,
Tom 38 Nr 1 (2024): Socjolingwistyka
Abstrakt
Celem tego artykułu jest ukazanie, w jaki sposób Ukraińcy i Tajwańczycy łączą elementy pojęciowe, wizualne i werbalne, aby wyrazić humor i ironię w memach internetowych z udziałem Władimira Putina i Xi Jinpinga, przywódców Rosji i Chin. Ponadto celem badania jest ustalenie, czy analizowane memy odzwierciedlają różnice kulturowe między Ukrainą a Tajwanem. Analiza opiera się na modelu wielomodalnej fuzji Lin i Chiang (2015) oraz wykorzystuje typologię memów Baurechta (2020), tj. makroobrazy, memy panelowe, memy opisowe, memy ze zrzutami ekranowymi, memy krzyżowe oraz meta memy. Wyniki analizy sugerują, że użytkownicy internetu i mediów społecznościowych z Ukrainy i Tajwanu mają tendencję do wyrażania swojego gniewu i niezadowolenia poprzez użycie humoru i ironii. Analiza ukraińskich i tajwańskich memów ujawnia podobieństwa między memami obu krajów; oba wykorzystują dialogi i zdrobnienia, aby stworzyć efekt humorystyczny. Analizowane memy przedstawiają jednak Putina i Xi w różny sposób, co odzwierciedla różnice kulturowe między dwoma krajami. Podczas gdy ukraińskie memy często odnoszą się do wydarzeń i postaci historycznych, tajwańskie memy mają tendencję do tworzenia humorystycznych scenariuszy z udziałem obecnych polityków. Ponadto humor i ironia w ukraińskich memach są tworzone poprzez kalambury bazujące na podobieństwach fonetycznych, podczas gdy humor i ironia w memach chińskojęzycznych są prezentowane poprzez grę słów bazującą na słowotwórstwie. Wyniki analizy wskazują, że memy internetowe, zbudowane poprzez połączenie elementów wizualnych, werbalnych i pojęciowych, służą jako środek wyrażania gniewu i niezadowolenia Ukraińców i Tajwańczyków poprzez humorystyczne i ironiczne przedstawianie Putina i Xi.
Słowa kluczowe
- Baurecht, M. 2020. “The Categorisation of Internet Memes: A Different Approach”. Colloquium: New Philologies 5(1): 135–152.
- Chen, L.-C. 2016. “A Socio-Pragmatic Analysis of Wúlítóu ‘Nonsense’ in Taiwanese Verbal Interactions”. Lodz Papers in Pragmatics 12(1): 53–76.
- Chen, L.-C. 2017. Taiwanese and Polish Humor: A Socio-Pragmatic Analysis. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
- Chen, L.-C., & K. Hertsiuk. 2021. “Product Promotional Strategies on a Chinese Online Shopping Website: The Multimodal Fusion Model”. The Gdańsk Journal of East Asian Studies 19: 132–151.
- Chen, L.-C., & E. Hajndrych. 2021a. “Humour through the Visual Narrative of Comicbook Characters’ Emotional States: Analysing Fullmetal Alchemist”. Image [&] Narrative 22(2): 131–150.
- Chen, L.-C., & E. Hajndrych. 2021b. “Comicbook Characters’ Facial Features and Actions and Movements as Two Sources of Humour: The Case of Fullmetal Alchemist”. Journal of Graphic Novels and Comics 12(5): 1048–1065.
- Chernyshova, T.V. 2021. “Language Mechanisms of Building the Ironic Texts and Ways of Their Linguistic Research (Linguistic Pragmatic Aspect)”. The European Journal of Humour Research 9(1): 57–73.
- Cohn, N. 2013. The Visual Language of Comics: Introduction to the Structure and Cognition of Sequential Images (Bloomsbury Advances in Semiotics). London: Bloomsbury Academic.
- Dugalich, N.M. 2018. “Political Cartoon as a Genre of Political Discourse”. RUDN Journal of Language Studies, Semiotics and Semantics 9(1): 158–172.
- Dunford, M. 2022. “The Chinese Path to Common Prosperity”. International Critical Thought 12(1): 35–54.
- Han, X., & G. Kuipers. 2021. “Humour and TikTok Memes during the 2020 Pandemic Lockdown: Tensions of Gender and Care Faced by Chinese Mothers Working from Home”. China Information 35(3): 393–419.
- Irvine, J.T., & S. Gal. 2000. “Language Ideology and Linguistic Differentiation”. W Regimes of Language: Ideologies, Polities, and Identities, red. P.V. Kroskrity. Santa Fe, NM: School of American Research Press, 35–83.
- Lent, J.A. 2023. Asian Political Cartoons. Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi.
- Lin, T.Y.-Y., & W.-Y. Chiang. 2015. “Multimodal Fusion in Analyzing Political Cartoons: Debates on U.S. Beef Imports into Taiwan”. Metaphor and Symbol 30(2): 137–161.
- Mifdal, M. 2022. “Covidly Humorous Memes: Coping, Social Cohesion and Power Dynamics of Humour during the Pandemic in Morocco”. The European Journal of Humour Research 10(3): 189–210.
- Oshima, K. 2013. “An Examination for Styles of Japanese Humor: Japan’s Funniest Story Project 2010 to 2011”. Intercultural Communication Studies 22(2): 91–109.
- Rivin, D., & O. Shcherbakova. 2021. “Understanding of Comical Texts in People with Different Types of Attitudes towards Humour: Evidence from Internet Memes”. The European Journal of Humour Research 9(2): 112–131.
- Stankevičiūtė, K. 2022. “Irony in Fashion Memes: A Pink Poodle Perspective on the Aesthetics of Dressing”. The European Journal of Humour Research 10(3): 1–21.
- Tella, A. 2018. “Humour Generation and Multimodal Framing of Political Actor in the 2015 Nigerian Presidential Election Campaign Memes”. The European Journal of Humour Research 6(4): 95–117.
- Williams, A., C. Oliver, K. Aumer, & C. Meyers. 2016. “Racial Microaggressions and Perceptions of Internet Memes”. Computers in Human Behavior 63: 424–432.
- Yemelyanova, O., & S. Baranova. 2023. “Genre and Stylistic Markers of Ukrainian Folk Jokes”. The European Journal of Humour Research 11(4): 14–30.
- LIST OF INTERNET SOURCES:
- WWW1. https://focus.ua/uk/voennye-novosti/555751-gannibal-lekter-i-ledi-gaaga-socmerezhi-vibuhnuli- memami-pro-aresht-putina?fbclid=IwAR2ZSwpspquoyErtBdNXAJlaH7_g485ydnvP6AFHM5Ce- s0I6vxqCvzSNdmI (January 13, 2024).
- WWW2. https://memes.tw/wtf/529192 (October 14, 2023).
- WWW3. https://tw.news.yahoo.com/天竺鼠車車-整列停在天安門-網憂-恐步上-小熊維尼乳滑-063713394. html (October 14, 2023).
- WWW4. https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=1570337027126819&set=p.1570337027126819&ty pe=3 (January 12, 2024).
- WWW5. https://vk.com/wall-174983636_376261?fbclid=IwAR0EqmjsavaAmhs93p7GWdMimbI5gk547 6IYQz1OtzUCTj1QqW5QvD_JXBs (January 21, 2024).
- WWW6. https://edition.cnn.com/2018/11/03/asia/china-leeks-economy-trade-war-intl/index.html (December 18, 2023).
- WWW7. https://armyinform.com.ua/2022/02/23/yak-lenin-stvoryv-ukrayinu-banderu-i-knyagynyu-olgu- merezhu-pidirvaly-memy-i-fotozhaby-ukrayincziv/?fbclid=IwAR2qPTofIW7SPDEVDAtuwyjaHII_ YTY24liX-rcASXYW5yvM_v1NNFe9KMc (January 13, 2024).
- WWW8. https://memes.tw/wtf/397526 (January 12, 2024).
- WWW9. https://armyinform.com.ua/2022/02/23/yak-lenin-stvoryv-ukrayinu-banderu-i-knyagynyu-olgu- merezhu-pidirvaly-memy-i-fotozhaby-ukrayincziv/?fbclid=IwAR2qPTofIW7SPDEVDAtuwyjaHII_ YTY24liX-rcASXYW5yvM_v1NNFe9KMc (January 13, 2024).
- WWW10. https://www.facebook.com/memepowertw/photos/a.113314556670743/163503501651848/ (October 14, 2023).
- WWW11. https://twitter.com/vestnikstabilno/status/1627959198070841344/photo/1 (January 13, 2024).
- WWW12. https://chinadigitaltimes.net/chinese/562791.html?amp&fbclid=IwAR0fGYwbNvgybt5-KqjB- jafAOGtbxgJXZtkgDS1CQpcASQWxUjLHelxJMaQ (January 19, 2024).
- WWW13. https://www.amazon.com/他改变了中国-江泽民传/dp/B072HT5C99/ref=sr_1_1? dib=eyJ2IjoiMSJ9.jJRn0pMVX7VppIazYAG0NQ.qRZadouf1FG8X1vrxS-eMlMXI-brcj2DT O84Rt3tYEc&dib_tag=se&qid=1705624490&s=books&sr=1-1&text=谈峥+于海江+陆谷孙 (January 19, 2024).
Referencje
Baurecht, M. 2020. “The Categorisation of Internet Memes: A Different Approach”. Colloquium: New Philologies 5(1): 135–152.
Chen, L.-C. 2016. “A Socio-Pragmatic Analysis of Wúlítóu ‘Nonsense’ in Taiwanese Verbal Interactions”. Lodz Papers in Pragmatics 12(1): 53–76.
Chen, L.-C. 2017. Taiwanese and Polish Humor: A Socio-Pragmatic Analysis. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
Chen, L.-C., & K. Hertsiuk. 2021. “Product Promotional Strategies on a Chinese Online Shopping Website: The Multimodal Fusion Model”. The Gdańsk Journal of East Asian Studies 19: 132–151.
Chen, L.-C., & E. Hajndrych. 2021a. “Humour through the Visual Narrative of Comicbook Characters’ Emotional States: Analysing Fullmetal Alchemist”. Image [&] Narrative 22(2): 131–150.
Chen, L.-C., & E. Hajndrych. 2021b. “Comicbook Characters’ Facial Features and Actions and Movements as Two Sources of Humour: The Case of Fullmetal Alchemist”. Journal of Graphic Novels and Comics 12(5): 1048–1065.
Chernyshova, T.V. 2021. “Language Mechanisms of Building the Ironic Texts and Ways of Their Linguistic Research (Linguistic Pragmatic Aspect)”. The European Journal of Humour Research 9(1): 57–73.
Cohn, N. 2013. The Visual Language of Comics: Introduction to the Structure and Cognition of Sequential Images (Bloomsbury Advances in Semiotics). London: Bloomsbury Academic.
Dugalich, N.M. 2018. “Political Cartoon as a Genre of Political Discourse”. RUDN Journal of Language Studies, Semiotics and Semantics 9(1): 158–172.
Dunford, M. 2022. “The Chinese Path to Common Prosperity”. International Critical Thought 12(1): 35–54.
Han, X., & G. Kuipers. 2021. “Humour and TikTok Memes during the 2020 Pandemic Lockdown: Tensions of Gender and Care Faced by Chinese Mothers Working from Home”. China Information 35(3): 393–419.
Irvine, J.T., & S. Gal. 2000. “Language Ideology and Linguistic Differentiation”. W Regimes of Language: Ideologies, Polities, and Identities, red. P.V. Kroskrity. Santa Fe, NM: School of American Research Press, 35–83.
Lent, J.A. 2023. Asian Political Cartoons. Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi.
Lin, T.Y.-Y., & W.-Y. Chiang. 2015. “Multimodal Fusion in Analyzing Political Cartoons: Debates on U.S. Beef Imports into Taiwan”. Metaphor and Symbol 30(2): 137–161.
Mifdal, M. 2022. “Covidly Humorous Memes: Coping, Social Cohesion and Power Dynamics of Humour during the Pandemic in Morocco”. The European Journal of Humour Research 10(3): 189–210.
Oshima, K. 2013. “An Examination for Styles of Japanese Humor: Japan’s Funniest Story Project 2010 to 2011”. Intercultural Communication Studies 22(2): 91–109.
Rivin, D., & O. Shcherbakova. 2021. “Understanding of Comical Texts in People with Different Types of Attitudes towards Humour: Evidence from Internet Memes”. The European Journal of Humour Research 9(2): 112–131.
Stankevičiūtė, K. 2022. “Irony in Fashion Memes: A Pink Poodle Perspective on the Aesthetics of Dressing”. The European Journal of Humour Research 10(3): 1–21.
Tella, A. 2018. “Humour Generation and Multimodal Framing of Political Actor in the 2015 Nigerian Presidential Election Campaign Memes”. The European Journal of Humour Research 6(4): 95–117.
Williams, A., C. Oliver, K. Aumer, & C. Meyers. 2016. “Racial Microaggressions and Perceptions of Internet Memes”. Computers in Human Behavior 63: 424–432.
Yemelyanova, O., & S. Baranova. 2023. “Genre and Stylistic Markers of Ukrainian Folk Jokes”. The European Journal of Humour Research 11(4): 14–30.
LIST OF INTERNET SOURCES:
WWW1. https://focus.ua/uk/voennye-novosti/555751-gannibal-lekter-i-ledi-gaaga-socmerezhi-vibuhnuli- memami-pro-aresht-putina?fbclid=IwAR2ZSwpspquoyErtBdNXAJlaH7_g485ydnvP6AFHM5Ce- s0I6vxqCvzSNdmI (January 13, 2024).
WWW2. https://memes.tw/wtf/529192 (October 14, 2023).
WWW3. https://tw.news.yahoo.com/天竺鼠車車-整列停在天安門-網憂-恐步上-小熊維尼乳滑-063713394. html (October 14, 2023).
WWW4. https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=1570337027126819&set=p.1570337027126819&ty pe=3 (January 12, 2024).
WWW5. https://vk.com/wall-174983636_376261?fbclid=IwAR0EqmjsavaAmhs93p7GWdMimbI5gk547 6IYQz1OtzUCTj1QqW5QvD_JXBs (January 21, 2024).
WWW6. https://edition.cnn.com/2018/11/03/asia/china-leeks-economy-trade-war-intl/index.html (December 18, 2023).
WWW7. https://armyinform.com.ua/2022/02/23/yak-lenin-stvoryv-ukrayinu-banderu-i-knyagynyu-olgu- merezhu-pidirvaly-memy-i-fotozhaby-ukrayincziv/?fbclid=IwAR2qPTofIW7SPDEVDAtuwyjaHII_ YTY24liX-rcASXYW5yvM_v1NNFe9KMc (January 13, 2024).
WWW8. https://memes.tw/wtf/397526 (January 12, 2024).
WWW9. https://armyinform.com.ua/2022/02/23/yak-lenin-stvoryv-ukrayinu-banderu-i-knyagynyu-olgu- merezhu-pidirvaly-memy-i-fotozhaby-ukrayincziv/?fbclid=IwAR2qPTofIW7SPDEVDAtuwyjaHII_ YTY24liX-rcASXYW5yvM_v1NNFe9KMc (January 13, 2024).
WWW10. https://www.facebook.com/memepowertw/photos/a.113314556670743/163503501651848/ (October 14, 2023).
WWW11. https://twitter.com/vestnikstabilno/status/1627959198070841344/photo/1 (January 13, 2024).
WWW12. https://chinadigitaltimes.net/chinese/562791.html?amp&fbclid=IwAR0fGYwbNvgybt5-KqjB- jafAOGtbxgJXZtkgDS1CQpcASQWxUjLHelxJMaQ (January 19, 2024).
WWW13. https://www.amazon.com/他改变了中国-江泽民传/dp/B072HT5C99/ref=sr_1_1? dib=eyJ2IjoiMSJ9.jJRn0pMVX7VppIazYAG0NQ.qRZadouf1FG8X1vrxS-eMlMXI-brcj2DT O84Rt3tYEc&dib_tag=se&qid=1705624490&s=books&sr=1-1&text=谈峥+于海江+陆谷孙 (January 19, 2024).