Data Log
Badanie zmian językowych na szyldach sklepów w Malezji: studium diachroniczne w George Town w stanie Penang
Kontakt: Selim Ben Said
SOCJOLINGWISTYKA,
Tom 33 (2019): Socjolingwistyka
Abstrakt
Według Pavlenki (2010) badania krajobrazu językowego (KJ ) nie mogą być w pełni zrozumiałe bez znajomości przeszłości. Rozwinięciem tej idei jest traktowanie badań KJ jako procesu diachronicznego. W artykule analizujemy KJ George Town (obiekt z L isty Światowego Dziedzictwa UNESCO ) w stanie Penang w Malezji, gdzie istnieje wiele świadectw dokumentujących zmiany zachodzące w czasie. Za wyjątkową cechę George Town należy uznać mieszankę języków pojawiającą się na szyldach sklepów, wśród nich znajdują się egzemplarze pochodzące jeszcze z końca XVIII wieku. W celu zrozumienia zmian społecznych i historycznych, jakie zachodziły w George Town, zebrano dane z wielu źródeł, były to m.in. opowieści właścicieli sklepów, informacje z obiektów historycznych (np. kartek pocztowych i książek) i broszury dostępne w centrum historycznym. Do analizy, kategoryzowania i interpretowania szyldów zastosowano podejście geosemiotyczne. Z badań szyldów i ich treści wynika, że stare szyldy z okresu brytyjskiej kolonizacji były wykonane z drewna a napisy były w większości pisane po chińsku i angielsku. Po uzyskaniu niepodległości przez Malezję zaczęto używać metalu i niestandardowej odmiany języka malajskiego. W roku 1975 zmieniono kilka malajskich zwrotów i właściciele sklepów zaczęli używać standardowego malajskiego. Współczesne szyldy są kolorowe, multimodalne i w większości z tworzyw sztucznych. Najnowocześniejsze z nich także świecą w nocy. Diachroniczne badanie KJ skłania autorów do refleksji, w jaki sposób globalizacja i postęp technologiczny wpływają na treść i wygląd szyldów sklepowych w George Town.
Słowa kluczowe
- Abas S. 2019: Cosmopolitan in ethnic foodscapes: A geosemiotic, social literacies view of restaurants in Bloomington, Indiana, Linguistic Landscape 5(1), 52–79.
- Anuarudin A.A.S., Chan S.H., Abdullah A.N. 2013: Exploring multilingual practices in billboard advertisements in a linguistic landscape, Pertanika Journal Social Sciences and Humanities 21(2), 783–796.
- Any Way in a W ay. 2017: Traditional Signboard Engraver in Penang, <https://anywayinaway.com/traditional-signboard-engraver-penang/> [25.03.2019].
- Asmah H.O. 1997: AD iscussion of the path taken by English towards becoming a Malaysian language, [in:] Halimah M.S., Ng K.S. (eds.), English is an Asian language: The Malaysian context, Kuala Lumpur: Persatuan Bahasa Modern Malaysia and the Macquarie Library, 12–21.
- Backhaus P. 2005: Signs of multilingualism in Tokyo: A diachronic look at the linguistic landscape, International Journal of the Sociology of Language 175/176, 1–20.
- Backhaus P. 2007: Linguistic landscapes: A comparative study of urban multilingualism in Tokyo, Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
- Ben Said S., Ong T.W.S. (2019): Creative language forms on signboards in Singapore and Malaysia, Interface: Journal of European Languages and Literatures. Special Issue on Visual Discourse and its Circulation between Europe and Asia 9, 1–28.
- Blommaert J. 2010: The sociolinguistics of globalisation, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Blommaert J., Maly I. 2014: Ethnographic linguistic landscape analysis and social change: A case study, Tilburg Papers in Culture Studies, Paper 100.
- Coluzzi P. 2015: The languages of places of worship in the Kuala Lumpur area: A study on the ‘religious’ linguistic landscape in Malaysia, Linguistic Landscape 1(3), 243–267.
- Coluzzi P. 2017: Italian in the Linguistic Landscape of Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia), International Journal of Multilingualism 14(2), 109–123.
- Department of Statistics 2018: Population quick info, <http://pqi.stats.gov.my/searchBI .php?kod-Data=> [25.03.2019].
- Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka 2019: Tatacara pengesahan bahasa kebangsaan dalam iklan (Verification Procedures of National Language in Advertising), <http://eseminar.dbp.gov.my/dokumen/tatacara1.pdf> [25.03.2019].
- Fei W.F., Siong L.K., Kim L.S., Yaacob A. 2012: English use as an identity marker among Malaysian undergraduates, The Southeast Asian Journal of English Language Studies 18(1), 145–155.
- Foucault M. 1967: Of other spaces, <http://web.mit.edu/allanmc/www/foucault1.pdf> [25.03.2019].
- George Town World Heritage Incorporated 2012: Intangible cultural heritage: Twenty practitioners.
- George Town World Heritage Incorporated 2014: Traditional trades and occupations in George Town World Heritage Site (by streets).
- Ghee Hiang Manufacturing Co. Sdn. Bhd. 2009: Ghee Hiang: A heritage over 155 Years, <http://www.ghee-hiang.com/> [25.03.2019].
- Gorter D. 2009: The linguistic landscape in Rome: Aspects of multilingualism and diversity, [in:] Bracalenti R., Gorter D., Ferrer C.I.S., Valente C. (eds.), Roma multietnica [I Cambiamenti nel Panorama Linguistico / Changes in the linguistic landscape], Rome: Edup SRL (bilingual Italian and English edition), 15–55.
- Gorter D., Cenoz J. 2008: Knowledge about language and linguistic landscape, [in:] Hornberger N.H. (ed.), Encyclopaedia of language and education, New York: Springer, 2090–2102.
- Huang Q. 2011: A study on the metaphor of ‘red’ in Chinese culture, American International Journal of Contemporary Research 1(3), 99–102.
- Huebner T. 2006: Bangkok’s linguistic landscapes: Environment print, codemixing and language change, [in:] Gorter D. (ed.), Linguistic landscape: A new approach to multilingualism, Clevedon: Multilingual Matters, 31–51.
- Huebner T., Phoocharoensil S. 2017: Monument as semiotic landscape: The contested historiography of a national tragedy, Linguistic Landscape 3(2), 101–121.
- Kingsley B. 2012: World Englishes and linguistic landscapes, World Englishes 31(1), 30–33.
- Landry R., Bourhis R.Y. 1997: Linguistic landscape and ethnolinguistic vitality: An empirical study, Journal of Language and Social Psychology 16, 23–49.
- Leeman J., Modan G. 2009: Commodified language in Chinatown: A contextualised approach to linguistic landscape, Journal of Sociolinguistics 13(3), 332–362.
- Lock G. 2003: Being international, local and Chinese: Advertisements on the Hong Kong mass transit railway, Visual Communication 2, 195–214.
- Lou J. 2007: Revitalising Chinatown into a heterotopia: A geosemiotic analysis of shop signs in Washington, D.C.’s Chinatown, Space and Culture 10, 170–194.
- Malinowski D. 2015: Opening spaces of learning in the linguistic landscape, Linguistic Landscape 1(1/2), 95–113.
- Manan S.A., David M.K., Dumaning F.P., Naqeebullah K. 2015: Politics, economic and identity: Mapping the linguistic landscape of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, International Journal of Multilingualism 12(1), 31–50.
- Papen U. 2012: Commercial discourses, gentrification and citizens’ protest: The linguistic landscape of Prenzlauer Berg, Berlin, Journal of Sociolinguistics 16(1), 56–80.
- Pavlenko A. 2010: Linguistic landscape of Kyiv, Ukraine: A diachronic study, [in:] Shohamy E., Ben-Rafael E., Barni M. (eds.), Linguistic landscape in the city, Bristol: Multilingual Matters, 133–153.
- Penang Happenings 2017: Traditional Signboard Making a Decline Trend, <https://penanghappenings.com/2017/09/06/traditional-signboard-making-a-decline-trend/> [25.03.2019].
- Rubdy R., Tan P. (eds.) 2008: Language as commodity: Global structures, local marketplaces, London: Continuum.
- Scollon R., Scollon S. 2003: Discourses in place: Language in the material world, London: Routledge.
- Spolsky B., Cooper R.L. 1991: The languages of Jerusalem, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
- Supramani S., Wang X.M., Koh Y.C., Riget P.N. 2013: Will Tamil be endangered in Malaysia? A linguistic landscape perspective, [in:] Ganesan M. (ed.), Language endangerment in South Asia 1, Annamalainagar: Annamalai University, 431–444.
- Tye T. 2019: Yin Oi Tong Medical Hall, <https://www.penang-traveltips.com/yin-oi-tong.htm> [25.03.2019].
- Wang X.M. 2017: Family language policy by Hakkas in Balik Pulau, Penang, International Journal of the Sociology of Language: Special Issue on Language Planning and Multilingual Malaysia 224, 87–118.
- Wang X.M., Koh Y.C., Riget P.N., Shoniah S. 2016: From monolingualism to multilingualism: The linguistic landscape in Kuala Lumpur’s Chinatown, [in:] Li W. (ed.), Multilingualism in the Chinese diaspora worldwide, London: Routledge, 177–195.
- Wang X.M, Riget P.N., Supramani S., Koh Y.C. 2017: Constructing identities through linguistic landscape: A comparison between Chinatown and Little India in Kuala Lumpur, [in:] Omar A.H., Norahim N. (eds.), Linguistic minorities: Their existence in larger communities, Kuching: UNI MAS Press, 159–186.
- Wong C.W., Friends G. 2014: Penang’s history, my story, Selangor: Star Publications.
Referencje
Abas S. 2019: Cosmopolitan in ethnic foodscapes: A geosemiotic, social literacies view of restaurants in Bloomington, Indiana, Linguistic Landscape 5(1), 52–79.
Anuarudin A.A.S., Chan S.H., Abdullah A.N. 2013: Exploring multilingual practices in billboard advertisements in a linguistic landscape, Pertanika Journal Social Sciences and Humanities 21(2), 783–796.
Any Way in a W ay. 2017: Traditional Signboard Engraver in Penang, <https://anywayinaway.com/traditional-signboard-engraver-penang/> [25.03.2019].
Asmah H.O. 1997: AD iscussion of the path taken by English towards becoming a Malaysian language, [in:] Halimah M.S., Ng K.S. (eds.), English is an Asian language: The Malaysian context, Kuala Lumpur: Persatuan Bahasa Modern Malaysia and the Macquarie Library, 12–21.
Backhaus P. 2005: Signs of multilingualism in Tokyo: A diachronic look at the linguistic landscape, International Journal of the Sociology of Language 175/176, 1–20.
Backhaus P. 2007: Linguistic landscapes: A comparative study of urban multilingualism in Tokyo, Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
Ben Said S., Ong T.W.S. (2019): Creative language forms on signboards in Singapore and Malaysia, Interface: Journal of European Languages and Literatures. Special Issue on Visual Discourse and its Circulation between Europe and Asia 9, 1–28.
Blommaert J. 2010: The sociolinguistics of globalisation, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Blommaert J., Maly I. 2014: Ethnographic linguistic landscape analysis and social change: A case study, Tilburg Papers in Culture Studies, Paper 100.
Coluzzi P. 2015: The languages of places of worship in the Kuala Lumpur area: A study on the ‘religious’ linguistic landscape in Malaysia, Linguistic Landscape 1(3), 243–267.
Coluzzi P. 2017: Italian in the Linguistic Landscape of Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia), International Journal of Multilingualism 14(2), 109–123.
Department of Statistics 2018: Population quick info, <http://pqi.stats.gov.my/searchBI .php?kod-Data=> [25.03.2019].
Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka 2019: Tatacara pengesahan bahasa kebangsaan dalam iklan (Verification Procedures of National Language in Advertising), <http://eseminar.dbp.gov.my/dokumen/tatacara1.pdf> [25.03.2019].
Fei W.F., Siong L.K., Kim L.S., Yaacob A. 2012: English use as an identity marker among Malaysian undergraduates, The Southeast Asian Journal of English Language Studies 18(1), 145–155.
Foucault M. 1967: Of other spaces, <http://web.mit.edu/allanmc/www/foucault1.pdf> [25.03.2019].
George Town World Heritage Incorporated 2012: Intangible cultural heritage: Twenty practitioners.
George Town World Heritage Incorporated 2014: Traditional trades and occupations in George Town World Heritage Site (by streets).
Ghee Hiang Manufacturing Co. Sdn. Bhd. 2009: Ghee Hiang: A heritage over 155 Years, <http://www.ghee-hiang.com/> [25.03.2019].
Gorter D. 2009: The linguistic landscape in Rome: Aspects of multilingualism and diversity, [in:] Bracalenti R., Gorter D., Ferrer C.I.S., Valente C. (eds.), Roma multietnica [I Cambiamenti nel Panorama Linguistico / Changes in the linguistic landscape], Rome: Edup SRL (bilingual Italian and English edition), 15–55.
Gorter D., Cenoz J. 2008: Knowledge about language and linguistic landscape, [in:] Hornberger N.H. (ed.), Encyclopaedia of language and education, New York: Springer, 2090–2102.
Huang Q. 2011: A study on the metaphor of ‘red’ in Chinese culture, American International Journal of Contemporary Research 1(3), 99–102.
Huebner T. 2006: Bangkok’s linguistic landscapes: Environment print, codemixing and language change, [in:] Gorter D. (ed.), Linguistic landscape: A new approach to multilingualism, Clevedon: Multilingual Matters, 31–51.
Huebner T., Phoocharoensil S. 2017: Monument as semiotic landscape: The contested historiography of a national tragedy, Linguistic Landscape 3(2), 101–121.
Kingsley B. 2012: World Englishes and linguistic landscapes, World Englishes 31(1), 30–33.
Landry R., Bourhis R.Y. 1997: Linguistic landscape and ethnolinguistic vitality: An empirical study, Journal of Language and Social Psychology 16, 23–49.
Leeman J., Modan G. 2009: Commodified language in Chinatown: A contextualised approach to linguistic landscape, Journal of Sociolinguistics 13(3), 332–362.
Lock G. 2003: Being international, local and Chinese: Advertisements on the Hong Kong mass transit railway, Visual Communication 2, 195–214.
Lou J. 2007: Revitalising Chinatown into a heterotopia: A geosemiotic analysis of shop signs in Washington, D.C.’s Chinatown, Space and Culture 10, 170–194.
Malinowski D. 2015: Opening spaces of learning in the linguistic landscape, Linguistic Landscape 1(1/2), 95–113.
Manan S.A., David M.K., Dumaning F.P., Naqeebullah K. 2015: Politics, economic and identity: Mapping the linguistic landscape of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, International Journal of Multilingualism 12(1), 31–50.
Papen U. 2012: Commercial discourses, gentrification and citizens’ protest: The linguistic landscape of Prenzlauer Berg, Berlin, Journal of Sociolinguistics 16(1), 56–80.
Pavlenko A. 2010: Linguistic landscape of Kyiv, Ukraine: A diachronic study, [in:] Shohamy E., Ben-Rafael E., Barni M. (eds.), Linguistic landscape in the city, Bristol: Multilingual Matters, 133–153.
Penang Happenings 2017: Traditional Signboard Making a Decline Trend, <https://penanghappenings.com/2017/09/06/traditional-signboard-making-a-decline-trend/> [25.03.2019].
Rubdy R., Tan P. (eds.) 2008: Language as commodity: Global structures, local marketplaces, London: Continuum.
Scollon R., Scollon S. 2003: Discourses in place: Language in the material world, London: Routledge.
Spolsky B., Cooper R.L. 1991: The languages of Jerusalem, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Supramani S., Wang X.M., Koh Y.C., Riget P.N. 2013: Will Tamil be endangered in Malaysia? A linguistic landscape perspective, [in:] Ganesan M. (ed.), Language endangerment in South Asia 1, Annamalainagar: Annamalai University, 431–444.
Tye T. 2019: Yin Oi Tong Medical Hall, <https://www.penang-traveltips.com/yin-oi-tong.htm> [25.03.2019].
Wang X.M. 2017: Family language policy by Hakkas in Balik Pulau, Penang, International Journal of the Sociology of Language: Special Issue on Language Planning and Multilingual Malaysia 224, 87–118.
Wang X.M., Koh Y.C., Riget P.N., Shoniah S. 2016: From monolingualism to multilingualism: The linguistic landscape in Kuala Lumpur’s Chinatown, [in:] Li W. (ed.), Multilingualism in the Chinese diaspora worldwide, London: Routledge, 177–195.
Wang X.M, Riget P.N., Supramani S., Koh Y.C. 2017: Constructing identities through linguistic landscape: A comparison between Chinatown and Little India in Kuala Lumpur, [in:] Omar A.H., Norahim N. (eds.), Linguistic minorities: Their existence in larger communities, Kuching: UNI MAS Press, 159–186.
Wong C.W., Friends G. 2014: Penang’s history, my story, Selangor: Star Publications.